![]() So much so, that every encounter feels unique due to various attack patterns and comedic banter. And the character animation flows vibrantly, bringing a lot of originality to each enemy and boss. The visuals in this game are outstanding! The background is full of life as you move from level to level. But Huntdown pulls it off with incredible style and substance while poking fun at the same time. But Huntdown pulls it off with incredible style and substance while poking fun at the same No shortage of games that rock the retro aesthetic. It's just as punishing and satisfying as you'd expect, and that's a very good thing.No shortage of games that rock the retro aesthetic. Huntdown may not appeal to everyone, but if you have a soft spot for 16-bit retro shooters and '80s action movies (or if you happen to be a nostalgic gamer of a certain age), it's pretty much guaranteed to please. It's an odd distinction to have, but if streaming from the cloud (versus your own computer) is important, you'll need to purchase the game from EGS for now. Speaking of streaming, for some reason the Steam version of Huntdown is not eligible for streaming on GeForce NOW, while the Epic Games Store version of Huntdown can be streamed on GeForce NOW. It's a nice option to have, especially because your friend doesn't need to own the game, but a proper online connection would've been nice. The latter mode allows you to invite a friend to join your game as if they were local. Huntdown supports local couch co-op as well as remote play together over Steam. If taking on the hordes of hoodlums ends up being too much, you can always tap a friend for an assist. That said, it's a good thing that Huntdown's arcade mode doesn't actually take quarters, or I'd be in quite a bit of debt right now. It may not sound like much of a difference on paper, but I found myself playing favorites after spending a bit of time trying to perfect an arcade run. Your choice basically boils down to slow and powerful, fast but deals less damage, or a middle-of-the-road mix of the two. Where they differ is in their default gun and throwing weapon. Because of this, it's also more important to choose the right character for your play style when doing an arcade run.Īll three of the characters can pick up the same weapons across the game. ![]() The constantly increasing timer acts as a subtle push to keep you moving, while the tiny health bar reminds you that you're always one or two mistakes away from death. ![]() While it may not seem like much of a revamp, arcade mode does a great job of extending Huntdown's replay value. Each of the four areas is selectable, and high scores are tracked individually by area. You've got to do it without dying, however, because you only have a limited number of lives and your health no longer recharges at checkpoints. The goal is to quickly rack up kills and earn points. In arcade mode, you get a shorter health bar, weapons and enemies are remixed, and the difficulty is bumped up a notch. If you thought story mode was a challenge, you're going to really be swearing at arcade mode, which lives up to its name. New to this release (and being added via an update to the other versions of the game) is the arcade mode. Coming back after a breather meant a fresh look, and I'd inevitably see something I missed the first time around. I found that taking a short break was the best way to beat a tough boss. If you can't learn their patterns, you're going to hit a wall pretty quickly. ![]() While pattern recognition is helpful with the basic enemies, it is absolutely required for the bosses. That's about how long it takes to get through a level for the first time.ĭifficulty starts out easy enough but quickly ramps up. If you have four to five hours, you can blow through the story mode in one sitting, but you can also take it on in 10- to 15-minute sessions. This works out well for busy players, as you can tackle the game in bite-sized chunks. Enemies can also use cover, which keeps things interesting because you have to time your shots to hit when they're exposed.Įach of the four main areas is split into five levels, with a miniboss at the end of the first four levels and a larger boss at the end of each area. This is a good way to avoid bullets, but it won't protect you from physical attacks or explosives. Also available are wall nooks that you can flatten yourself up against. Basic cover is here in the form of boxes and other items, and they'll take a number of hits before finally disintegrating and leaving you exposed. Helping you survive is a wide selection of guns and a surprisingly useful cover system. Huntdown may look simple, but its challenge is in discovering the best way to eliminate all of the enemies on the level. Simply running through the levels while shooting like a madman (or madwoman) is a quick way to die. Gameplay also hearkens back to the 16-bit era with a focus on precision movement and pattern recognition. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Tennessee does not require distilleries to install air-filtration systems, which are standard fixtures in large brandy distilleries in California. “The only way to eliminate the black fungus from the area would be to somehow filter the ethanol,” said Antonis Rokas, a mycologist at Vanderbilt University. To stop the spread, Jack Daniel’s could reduce its ethanol emissions. Spores are found all over the world, but the black crust seems to sprout up only next to distilleries and bakeries. Whiskey fungus is certainly unique, but not unique to Tennessee. “Snails seem to really like eating this stuff,” Scott said. The bottom of a snail is basically a spiky tongue that can grind through the mold. Scientists are unsure how the fungi spreads, but researchers have directly observed tiny trails left by snails in fungus-prone areas. “It’s very understudied, and almost anything that you can learn about it, whether you’re a professional or an amateur, is new information,” he said. Today, there is still very little research on whiskey fungus, according to Scott. “You don’t see a lot of cells of this thing represented in the air,” said University of Toronto mycologist James Scott, who gave whiskey fungus its scientific name, Baudoinia compniacensis, back in 2007. The fungus has not been documented to harm humans since the spores aren’t airborne like many fungi. ![]() It adheres to roofs, windows and even stainless steel. But it clings to surfaces with a microscopic superglue, part of the fungus’ external digestive system, that makes it hard to remove. ![]() Whiskey fungus looks soft, almost powdery. “Now our property is worth considerably less than probably what we paid for it.” “My business has been destroyed,” Long said. (Caroline Eggers/Nashville Public Radio)īut the abrasive cleanings don’t last. Within a few months, the fungus will be back. Patrick Long fires up a pressure washer at his family business in Mulberry, Tennessee, on May 9. The company is planning on building more as part of an expansion that may significantly increase ethanol emissions, according to an application Jack Daniel’s submitted to the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation in December. As the whiskey matures inside, ethanol gradually evaporates into the air and escapes the warehouses - and that’s what whiskey fungus eats.įrom his property, Long can see one of the newest warehouses built by Jack Daniel’s. Some are small, but the largest can hold 67,000 wooden barrels. Last year, the company reported a 20% increase in sales of its signature Tennessee liquor.Ībout an hour and half south of Nashville, Jack Daniel’s has at least 90 warehouses to store aging whiskey. Whiskey is now one of the top-selling spirits in the U.S., partially due to the success of Jack Daniel’s. In Long’s community, the spread of the fungus is linked to the recent boom in whiskey consumption. The organism is “whiskey fungus,” a mysterious mold named for its preferred diet. Whiskey fungus coats the branches of a bush in Mulberry, Tennessee. ![]() ![]() A different person who is farming 10 different Pokestops would be getting the bonus every 10 Pokestops, and this would give them a higher average number (approx. This in turn would skew their average number of drops to be lower. Thus if a person is hitting the same 9 Pokestops all the time, they will never get that unique bonus. Effectively they get double items, minimum 6 and maximum 10. Pokestops in a row, the 10th Pokestop will drop 6 or more items, and Useful Tip: The 10th Pokestop goes Critical But if someone out there has no life and wants to attempt this, please feel free to do so and share your results. I have no proof of this thus far, as it would require creating a new account and recording the results of every Pokestop visited while leveling all the way to 40, and then comparing drop rates according to level. Meaning higher level players are more likely to get 4+ items dropped. ![]() I have a hunch the average number of items dropped from Pokestops might actually depend on the player's level. (Eggs often drop as a bonus after a player has recently finished hatching an egg.) It was 10 regular items, just balls and potions. Unless someone out there has seen 11 or 12.)īefore you ask, no, there was no egg in that drop of 10 items. (According to one Reddit user the maximum is 9, but I have personally seen 10 items dropped on multiple occasions so the upper limit is definitely 10. But what is the average? 3.5? 3.75? Inquiring minds would like to know. We know 3 is the minimum, and I have seen Pokestops drop as many as 10 items at once. What is the average number of items dropped? It also appears they may have rounded numbers up/down, or maybe this info was leaked from Niantic itself? Unclear. ![]() It is unclear what the sample size of this secondary source is, but their numbers are pretty close to the ones further above. Balls 65% (with an internal ratio of 80% regular, 15% great, 5% ultra).They are probably reasonably close however thanks to that 3,200 Pokestop sample size.Īccording to a different source the drop rates are more precise numbers: ![]() Presumably the numbers above are not completely accurate.At lower levels the drop rates are different, depending on what items are available to be dropped.They assembled this data after unlocking all of the available items. The following was determined by a Reddit user who visited 3,200 Pokestops and recorded the results. This is a wee bit of useful data for Pokemon Go players. ![]() ![]() ![]() The program is also compatible with the newest Windows Mixed Reality, HTC, and Oculus headsets. You will be amazed at how deeply engrossing the Vimeo and YouTube 360˚ contents can be when combined with the power of Cyberlink PowerDVD 18. The virtual worlds await you, with millions of 360˚ videos for your entertainment. There is no better way of getting the best out of your Ultra HD HDR TV and surround sound system than the Cyberlink PowerDVD. Your old DVDs, Blu-ray discs or media files can be enjoyed even better by upscaling them to your taste.ĬyberLink PowerDVD 18 offers you unrestricted access to plethora of hours on Vitrual Reality and 360˚ video, even without headset, alongside a valuable collection of curated VR content sourced from YouTube. Perhaps your DVD collection classics, fresh online entertainment contents, or Ultra HD Blu-ray discs.ĬyberLink PowerDVD 18 allows you to cast your screen on the latest 4K UHD HDR TV and you can expect 100% sound transmission, courtesy of its multi-channel sound system. You are assured of the sharpest and crispest quality in both audio and video, irrespective of what you are watching. The playback is well-optimized even on the latest HDR and Ultra HD 4K TVs. It is designed to handle videos, audios, photos, VR 360˚ contents, alongside Vimeo and YouTube contents effectively. Anyway, it’s not a problem of the software, but your computer.If you are looking for an application that can offer you an all-round entertainment companionship, you should check out the CyberLink PowerDVD 18. ![]() As you know, electronic products update very quickly, if your computer has been used for more than one even two years, I suggest you not to try running any video editing program on it, the result would be woeful. Its performance is really good for video editing. This is not a problem for me as I have the newest laptop with a set of strong hardware. when doing editing or rendering is hardware limitation. The main reason of computer crashing down, lockups, etc. I’ve heard some complaints about this program and some other Cybrelink products, but I have to say, not only for Cybrelink, but also for all other video editing programs, without an advanced computer, you just can’t run video editing programs in an effective way. You can upload your video onto YouTube or other video websites in just a few minutes and you don’t have to wait long. One of the amazing features of PD is that it can render the finished video in a very short time. ![]() The main competitor of this software is Corel's Video Studio series, but it is much better. I started using PD 12 ultra only several days ago, I find it very useful. ![]() Advanced extended content & special effects make your inspiration endless! Add extra points to your work's creativity, and you are no longer afraid that no material can satisfy the imagination of your work! PowerDirector improves the efficiency of editing tools in an all-round way so that users can control and play more accurately when editing videos. Using the quick project template, you can quickly create complete and high-quality videos in just a few minutes, perfect for your travel videos and home video materials. Cut and combine images with unparalleled accuracy. Both beginners and professional players can quickly get started and easily create your wonderful creation! PowerDirector allows you to add dynamic text and graphics, release your creativity, and make your work different! You can use the new advanced masking tool to create super-realistic image composition or create stunning surreal images. Gestionnaire d'informations personnellesĬyberLink PowerDirector is equipped with a powerful editing function to make audio and video creation simple, providing everything needed for editing videos. ![]() ![]() Kids can then go gather samples and bring them back to analyze under a microscope at the STEM trailer at Pine Street Woods. The journey just starts with checking out a pair of binoculars with their library card. Note: Many cities and municipalities are adding free access to area museums with their library card, check out your local library’s benefits.Ĭulture Pass: Get Free Access to NYC Museums with a Library Card | The New York Public Library ()Ĭheck out a set of Binoculars in Bonner County, IdahoĮast Bonner County Library and the Kaniksu Land Trust partnered up in rural Idaho to teach local kids about the natural world around them. Guggenheim Museum, the Staten Island Museum, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art are all part of a benefit that comes with a NYPL library card. Free museum access to places including the Solomon R. Want to see where millions of immigrants started their American Dream? Want to see an original Rothko or Pollock painting? For residents of New York City, a NYPL library card gets you access to a wide range of museums and cultural centers. New York City has some of the most interesting museums and cultural sites in the entire country. They also turned an old set of filing cabinets into a seed bank to start your very own garden.įree access to over 50 museums in New York City With a library card to this library in Erie County, Pennsylvania, you can check out a Fishing pole and a tackle box, Record music or a podcast in their studio, record videos in front of their green screen, and access over a dozen hobby starter kits, all in their library. Try a new hobby or start your own garden in Erie County, PA We found some surprising examples of libraries that have some unusual things as a benefit to their library card holders. September is library card signup month, so to celebrate we asked a question: What is the least expected thing you get with a library card? Everybody would expect libraries to offer books, movies, and maybe some computers or other electronics available to borrow. You’ll never guess what membership gets you at these libraries ![]() ![]() ![]() The service lets you download your data in CSV format, so a basic backup should be possible there as well. Producteev has a decent iPhone app, but an iPad version is still in the making and their workaround in form of tablet-optimized website can’t really compensate this big handicap. The service always adds a time-based reminder to each task upon creation, but those don’t seem to show up anywhere in the default configuration except the web interface. For repeating tasks, there is no “repeat until” end date and just like at RTM, you can’t assign start times. I don’t really get along with their sorting of task lists, since you can’t select a secondary criterion and my desired behaviour doesn’t accord with the default: I like my to-do items to be sorted by deadline and within that by priority, which doesn’t seem to be possible with Producteev at the moment. This seems like a sensible grade of granularity to me, though sometimes maybe a little bit too detailed. While the other services let you assign only three levels of priorities, Producteev has fife of them. What I like about it as well is the unique feature to create lightweight subtasks for single to-do items, which basically just consist of some text and a “Completed” checkbox. What RTM ails at its web interfaces, Producteev makes up: It offers a through and through modern and good-looking web app. I tend to keep local backups of all of my relevant data from cloud services RTM provides ATOM and iCal feeds of your tasks, which seems good enough for me. However, I think the Pro subscription is priced quite fairly at $25 per year, even without offering student discount rates. The iPhone and iPad version of the service’s app is done quite nicely, though practically unusable without a Pro account: It doesn’t automatically keep your account in sync and lets you only sync manually once in 24 hours. dates before they can’t be accomplished and therefore shouldn’t show up in some views. What’s lacking as well is the possibility to set start times for to-do items, i.e. In fact, they don’t support reminders at all, – not even time-based ones – so you always have to check your to-do lists on your own, even for very important tasks. Due to the lack of location-based notifications, iOS Reminders are still the best option in my rare usecases for such a feature, but I feel like there might be an opportunity for RTM’s approach at some time. The service provides a great variety of ways to structure your tasks, as the only one of the three including the possibility to attach them to locations. However, it turns out to be pretty powerful if you adapt to it. Nowadays, its web interface looks a bit old-fashioned at first sight. RTM can be seen as the pioneer when it comes to web-based to-do management: It has been around since 2005 and I even have had an account there for some years, though I didn’t actively use it. Let’s take a look at the pros and cons of those three and how they compare with each other… Remember the Milk This lead to the major contestants from my research: Remember the Milk, Producteev and Doit.im. What I didn’t check were features for collaboration, sharing and assigning of tasks as I have no usecase for that at the moment. Another basic requirement was the availability of an iOS app for mobile usage. Since Linux versions of desktop apps are often not available, services which don’t offer a web interface for desktop usage (primarily OmniFocus) didn’t come into consideration for me. I want to use and sync the tasks across all of my devices, so a cloud-enabled service seemed like the way to go. Simple to-do list programs with due dates like Wunderlist or iOS Reminders therefore aren’t the right thing. What I was looking for is a service that follows basic GTD principles and lets me structure my tasks by a variety of data types without forcing me into a stringent, “religious” GTD workflow. While this worked out in general, I felt like I could be more relaxed and productive with some technical support. When it comes to task management, I didn’t have a sophisticated workflow up to now: I kept most things in my head, in busy times I would write to-dos down on a piece of paper and I kept a Simplenote list of more long-term tasks which I don’t want to forget (mostly filled out of panic when stressed and never actually done). ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() It is said that Hercules killed the Nemean Lion with this very move. Mata leãoĪlso known as the rear naked choke the Mata Leao (or Lion Killer in Potugeuse) has been documented thoughout history. In judo, the ashi sankaku garami means leg triangle entanglement. ![]() The word omoplata means scapula, or blade bone in Portuguese, this because of the mechanics involved in the movement. The position was not seen as highly effective in the early days, but was still part of the curriculum taught by most jiu jitsu academies. The omoplata appeared in Brazil either through judo or catch wrestling, both popular styles in Brazil during the 1930′s and 1940′s. Paraguassú’s masterful control of this technique earned him the honour of having the choke named after him by the jiu jitsu community. The name of this choke hold comes from a famous Brazilian judo olympian by the name of Ezequiel Paraguassú, who in 1988 decided to tighten up his ground work (newaza) ahead of the Seoul Olympics at the Carlson Gracie Academy. With the growing popularity of Jiu Jitsu in the west coast, darce became the more common name for this technique. Laimon labelled the technique “the darce choke”, and being a very well respected grappling coach in USA’s west coast, the name started being mentioned in the area to define the position. Having won several fights making better use of the choke, D’arce caught the eye of another American grappler named Marc Laimon. A representative of Renzo Gracie and his New York jiu jitsu academy, D’arce learnt the technique from RGA’s coach, John Danaher. Joe D’arce was a well known competitor in grappling tournaments during the mid 2000′s. From then on it was dubbed the Brabo Choke as it’s still known today. At the time everyone was referring to the choke as being a “mean” choke for its aggressiveness, which in Portuguese is brabo (mean). The guard was originally nicknamed the ‘Pudding Guard’ (Guarda Pudim on Portugese) due to the instability the guard caused in the opponent when used effectively.ĭuring the the early 1990’s at Romero “Jacare” Cavalcanti’s academy(Master Jiu Jitsu), Leo “Leozinho” Vieira was hitting this on everyone as a variant of the cross choke with the lapel fed. Such a physical environment pushed a young and skinny De La Riva to become a Guard Player. Ricardo trained at the Carlson Gracie Academy, a gym notorious for having the strongest team of guard passers the sport had ever seen, during that decade. The De La Riva hook started being developed in the early 1980s by a Jiu Jitsu practitioner named Ricardo De La Riva. The Kimura was named after the judoka Masahiko Kimura, who used it to defeat one of the founders of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the late, great Hélio Gracie.įun Fact! Because an Americana is basically a reverse Kimura, in UFC fights, Bruce Buffer still announces fights won by Americana as “by tap-out due to a Kimura” De-La-Riva ![]() We’ll teach you through the history of why some of your favourite moves are named like they are. What’s a Brabo? Why is a Kimura called that? When you start BJJ you hear a lot of fancy names for positions and moves that you just repeat the name of but have no real knowing of why they’re called that. ![]() ![]() ![]() With max bonuses (Double experience weekend(100%), Bonus experience(100%), Refer a friend bonus(20%), Closeby avatar bonus(6%), Valentines slam(4%), Pulse core boost(10%). 3x experience (Both bonus experience and double experience weekend) 2x experience (bonus experience or double experience weekend) With 10% pulse core bonus active: 1,016,730 experience per hour With 6% avatar bonus: 979,758 experience per hour With RAF (Refer A Friend): 1,016,730 experience per hour Applying in experience bonuses for this method: The experience gained per hour is 924,300. It takes just under two minutes to deplete a slayer skill training dummy, equating to thirty dummies used per hour. Slayer skill training dummies have 5 phases, meaning the base experience gained from each dummy is 30,810. Assisting others in their training will reward you with 616.2 experience (10%). At level 99, slayer skill dummies give 6,162 experience per finished practice, assuming you’re using your dummy. Slayer skill training dummy calculations: Slayer skill training dummies, released on the 31st of December, 2015, allow you to surpass this training completely. ![]() You can read the full text of the rules here. General discussion on Treasure Hunter and other MTX is allowed. Posts created with the sole intent to share rewards received from Treasure Hunter, Umbral Chests, or other microtransactions ("MTX") will be removed. Additionally, do not ask for charity or free items/gold/membership. We do not allow users to advertise, host or operate giveaways, competitions, or events which offer prizes for winners/participants. Do not advertise trades, giveaways, or ask for free items or cash. Instead of posting about it, check here for the official methods of contacting Jagex to resolve these issues.Ĩ. This includes, but is not limited to, bans, mutes, locks, hacks, billing, and rollbacks. The /r/runescape moderators, and the J-Mods who browse this subreddit, cannot help you with account issues. However, any post or comment that specifically names or links to bot or private server websites or software will be removed. ![]() General discussion on the topics of bots and private servers is permitted. Posting content and linking the source is perfectly fine, spamming it is not. Do not submit advertisements or clan recruitment posts.ĭo not submit posts which are solely for the purpose of promoting or advertising a content source, such as a YouTube channel, or clan recruitment. Call outs and witch hunts are not allowed.ĥ. Posts or comments which directly target, name, or harass players or groups of players will be removed. Attempting to annoy, troll, harass, or otherwise participate in bad faith will result in your content being removed. If a post is not directly related to RuneScape, it will be removed.ĭo not flame, troll, or harass users on this subreddit. Tools, guides, fansites, and other links Socialĭiscussion Creative Humor Tip/Guide Question Suggestion Ninja Request Lore Achievement Luck Appreciation Bug MTX Other Posts with J-Mod Replies Subreddit Rules Rulesĭo not break, promote breaking or submit content which breaks Jagex's Terms and Conditions or the Rules of RuneScape.Friends Chat channels and Discord servers for in-game activities.Limited/Discontinued Flairs - Change your flair text Recurring threads.TL DW: A complete list of livestream summaries.r/runescape is a subreddit dedicated to the MMORPG RuneScape. ![]() ![]() ![]() Please reach out to us for any order changes or cancellation requests and we will work with you to adjust your shipment. ![]() If parts are missing or show signs of shipping damage, please contact us immediately so we can assist you with a replacement claims of missing or damaged parts made more than 14 days after delivery cannot be honored. We are unable to assist with any costs accrued from delayed installs due to missing parts. Please verify that all boxes and parts are present and correct using the packing slip or instructions before starting installation or bringing your vehicle to a mechanic. What to Expect Upon DeliveryĪlways inspect your items immediately upon receipt and notify us if there are any concerns, damages, or missing items. All shipping prices are based on the lower 48 states unless specified otherwise and do not include any duties or customs fees you may be subject to for international orders. Keep in mind, some components may ship separately and could arrive at different times. You will receive the tracking information via email as soon as it is available so you can easily track your package(s) from us, to your door. Availability on backordered or built-to-order products can vary and we will keep you informed via email with any ETA changes. Many products will ship out within 3-5 business days while some select items may take up to 7-10 business days. Unless a specific lead time is listed on this page, expect to receive an email with an ETA within 1-3 days of placing your order. Shipping times vary depending on item and immediate availability. We are dedicated to helping you find the perfect fitment for your ride while also bringing you the highest quality, affordable aftermarket parts in the world! We are truck and car enthusiasts who build their dream rides with these very products. Don’t see it on the list above? No worries, type your vehicle in the search bar above to see the full list of compatible vehicles.** **This part fits a ton of vehicles, so let’s check to see if it fits yours. 2022 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ022 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport 4WD Extended CabĢ021 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ020 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ020 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport 4WD Extended CabĢ019 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ018 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ017 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ017 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport 4WD Extended CabĢ016 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road 4WD Extended CabĢ016 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport 4WD Extended CabĢ015 Toyota Tacoma TRD Pro 4WD Extended CabĢ022 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ022 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ021 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ021 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ020 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ020 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ019 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ019 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ018 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ018 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ017 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ017 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ016 Toyota Tacoma TRD Off-Road RWD Extended CabĢ016 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport RWD Extended CabĢ015 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ014 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ013 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ013 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ012 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ012 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ011 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ011 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ010 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ010 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ009 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ009 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ008 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ008 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ007 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ007 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ006 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ006 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended CabĢ005 Toyota Tacoma Pre Runner RWD Extended CabĢ005 Toyota Tacoma X-Runner RWD Extended Cab ![]() ![]() ![]() Additional features, like the so-called R-phase heat treatment, twisting of the metal for file production, an equilateral triangular cross section, and special surface conditioning are thought to potentially improve strength, flexibility, and fatigue resistance of TFA system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA). This adaptive technology is claimed to allow the instrument to advance into the root canal in clockwise direction and to reduce the risk of instrument fracture in counterclockwise directions. In reciprocating motion, the instrument is rotated up to 370° clockwise and 50° counterclockwise directions. The TFA instrument detects torque within the motor (Elements Adaptive motor, SybronEndo) and changes the motion from continuous to reciprocating. Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) combines continuous and reciprocating motions. The manufacturer claims that gold treatment technology will improve the strength and flexibility of the instrument 11 ( WaveOne Gold, Surf the Canal with Confidence, Dentsply Sirona Endodontics). WOG is manufactured using a specific thermal treatment, consisting of heating-annealing cycles applied after milling, in contrast to the premanufacturing heat treatment that is used for M-Wire production. WaveOne Gold (WOG) (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) is a single-file reciprocating system with parallelogram cross-sectional design, two cutting edges the set consists of four instruments (20/07, 25/07, 35/06 and 45/05). Reciprocating motion is an innovation in nickel–titanium (NiTi) systems that claims to reduce the incidence of instrument fracture 10. Thermal treatment is one of the approaches toward adjusting the transition temperature in NiTi alloy, which influences the flexibility and fatigue resistance of NiTi instruments 4. In recent years, root canal instruments have been introduced in the market with lot of improvements in the instrument design, manufacturing process and kinematics to reduce the incidence of instrument fracture 4, 9. Various surface defects, such as pitting, metal flash and grinding marks on the instrument may act as stress concentration points, which reduces the resistance to fatigue fracture 6, 7, 8. However, the disadvantage of NiTi instrument is unexpected instrument fracture 4, which compromises the root canal disinfection 5. Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments have become popular in endodontics because of their greater flexibility compared to stainless steel instruments, which results in fewer procedural errors 1, 3. It involves removal of pulpal tissue and infected dentin, reducing microbial count, creating access for irrigants and intracanal medicament delivery and optimizing root canal system for root canal filling materials 1, 2. Root canal preparation is a central step in endodontic therapy, which influences the success of the procedure. WOG files showed more surface deterioration and less passive layer formation as compared to TFA and XPS systems. XRD exhibited NiTi phases with diffraction peaks. High resolution of Ti 2p spectrum show distinctive peaks with binding energies dominating in WOG, XPS and TFA file system. Raman peak at 540–545 cm −1 is attributed to Cr 2O 3. Ni 2+ concentration from WOG was 171.2 μg/L. SEM of WOG instrument showed scraping surface defects. ![]() XPS file system showed minimal grooves on surface. After allocating scan line shifts like in WOG, mechanical deformation was shown using first order polynomials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was done before and after use. Ni 2+ release was measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Nanoindentation was carried out to characterize surface topography. File morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffraction analysis was performed before and after use along with Raman spectroscopy. Standardized in vitro shaping was performed in presence of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. To evaluate structural profiles and mechanical behaviour of WaveOne Gold (WOG), Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) and XP-endo shaper (XPS) instruments after root canal preparation. ![]() |
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